Gossip — Girls associate with this word easily. Happiness — Suggest Happy Feelings. Happy - Suggest Happy Feelings. Confidential — Menstruation is always considered taboo. Private - Menstruation is always considered taboo. XX — Female Generic Sign. Zero — Free from all nativity. Slim — Every women wants to be associate with product feature too. Softline — Suggest Softness. Velvet — Suggest Smoothness. Index 52 First Choice — Associate with Recall. Joy — Suggest pleasure. Quiet — Suggest Trouble Free Feature.
Second skin — Suggest the Smoothness. Hygro-free - Means get free from moisture Freebie - Something that is free from trouble Fly on - One who got highest freedom means freedom to fly Comfy - Means providing relief from trouble Freedom — Woman can be free feel ease even during menses. Index 53 Welcome Days - Accepting period with warmth rather than consider it as a problem. No Problem — Feel secured. Period Pals — Pal means friend and your friend during periods. Freedays — Woman can be free feel ease even during menses.
Be Free — Woman can get rid off from the period worries, leakages and etc. Wonder Wings — Extraordinary wings for protection Those Days — This is very famous phrase used in Carefree ad during early nineties, and one can easily correlate this name with period. Ensure — Assurance of protection. Index 54 It is only simple word that is not used by any other sanitary napkins marketers. Otherwise, Stayfree, carefree, secure etc simple words have already been exploited.
Herz — Feminine Product Period Peace — Sense of security and assurance of protection during period. Relax — Feel free. Index 55 These are detailed ahead. During menstruation, use of some kind of a protection in the form of a pad or napkin is mandatory. The kind of sanitary protection practised during menstruation can determine the hygiene status of a woman, which can affect her reproductive health levels. With this cost profile, these products are being utilized mostly by the upper middle and high-income group women.
Also, the high product cost is a major deterrent in its utilization by the people of the low-income category. A need was thus felt to develop a low cost technology for the manufacture of products for sanitary protection, utilizing textile waste materials with similar properties. Index 99 The absorbent layer is the key component of the napkin and the extent to which this layer is able to absorb and retain the fluid determines the efficiency of the napkin.
This bulk layer of a napkin is a non woven web, made of hydrophilic cellulosic staple fibers like wood pulp, cotton linters, viscose etc IS: Most of the wood pulp used for the purpose is imported, and therefore expensive, increasing the overall cost of a sanitary napkin. Cotton is seen as a major fiber poised to replace wood pulp especially in the feminine hygiene products where less bulky is preferred and thinner is better. The high cost of cotton is the reason why it has not been able to replace pulp Egelsbach, Hence, the possibility of using cotton of the low cost knitwear waste is most appropriate to achieve value at less cost.
The waste of the knitwear sector is typically from fully-fashioned garments or the traditional cutnsew techniques. The cost of this cutting and sewing edge waste varies from Rs.
Index The process has been optimized and evaluation of the final product was done with respect to performance, comfort and hygiene parameters. The Physical Parameters tested were: Index Preliminary identification was done using a light Microscope; the longitudinal view of the fibres was viewed under the microscope. Chemical analysis of each layer was done to confirm the nature of fibers.
Solubility tests were conducted to identify the cellulosic fibers and type of synthetic fibers. Melting Point process was used to identify the type of Polyolefin fiber, viz. Polypropylene and Polyethylene. The IS: specification for sanitary napkins, specifies the test method for testing pH of a sanitary napkin. The time taken for the fluid to get completely absorbed by the napkin and the area of the spread of the fluid was noted. The sides and back of the napkin were observed for any fluid leaking through after placing a one Kg weight on it.
It is a test modeled after the standard ASTM circular bend procedure. The test apparatus used was an Instron inverted compression load cell, and the maximum force reading is the peak bending stiffness for that specimen.
Each prepared specimen was immersed in distilled water at room temperature for 5 minutes to completely wet it out. For ultra thin napkins the immersion time was for 2.
The centrifuged specimen was weighed, dried and reweighed. Water retention was calculated and reported as a percentage of the dry mass. From the incubated plates the suspected colonies of the organism were looked out for. It was converted into fiber form suitable for making the absorbent core of a sanitary napkin , by the garneting process. The assessment of the mean length and uniformity of length of the fibers was done using the standard IS method.
The average length of the fibers as well as the percentage of short fibers in it was noted. Three different methods were used for washing; detergent, rewetting agent and alkali. The evaluation of suitability of a method was done on the basis of the enhancement of absorbency of the fibers and the pH with each method. The designs were varied in terms of belt less and belted type varieties.
Sterilization of the developed prototype was done in an autoclave as per the standard IS method. In addition, the developed prototypes were also tested microbiologically for presence of Candida albicans, a common pathogen of the uterus.
Coneman, E. Best washing results were achieved with detergent, recording a pH of 7. The Ultra-thin varieties were priced at almost times more than the Regular types. The data shows that each brand offers a variety of sanitary napkins with regard to shape and thickness, such as with and without wings or with extra- large wings, Regular and Ultra-thin.
Special features like stain-lock, odour-control systems, central absorbency zones etc. The prototype prepared with cotton knitwear waste cost less than the cheapest variety available in the market. The SEM showed fibers, some with convolutions and most fibers showed the presence of lignin and ray markings as seen in softwood fibers. The top and the barrier sheets were found to be polyethylene in nature for most brands. In some brands, the fiber nature of the cover sheet was found to be polypropylene.
The time taken for the fluid to get completely absorbed ranged from 5 seconds to 30 seconds among the various brands. Positioning of the napkin was found to be a critical factor in observing leak - through property. With a slight shift in position of the flow point, from the centre towards the sides, some napkins tended to leak through the sides and the fluid showed up at the back.
Further, pH of all the samples was found to be within the Index The napkin made from knitwear waste too conformed to the prescribed standard showing a pH of 7. The water retention ratio of the centrifuged samples ranged from 5 times to 20 times the weight of the sample for branded Regular to Ultra thin napkins respectively.
The knitwear waste prototype showed a water retaining ratio of 7 times the weight of the sample. Branded Regular type napkins varied from to gm. The developed prototype was found to be much more flexible than most regular branded napkins; exhibiting a flexibility of gm. Flexibility was an indication of the softness of a napkin. The middle layer of knitwear waste napkin also dispersed in water within 5 minutes.
The brands which had an additional synthetic layer of material lining the absorbent core did not disintegrate at all. All the Ultra-thin napkins were found to be non-dispersible in water. The knitwear waste prototype was assessed for bacterial and fungal counts before and after sterilization. The counts of bacteria and fungi at both stages were found to be low. No typical colonies of pathogen Staphylococcus aureus were Index The developed prototype was also tested for presence of Candida albicans, a common pathogen of the uterus known to cause urinary tract infections.
No typical colonies of this pathogen were observed. This will enable the women from the lower economic strata to use the feminine hygiene products to improve their reproductive health.
This will make disposable sanitary napkins affordable for the women of the lower economic strata and thus help to improve their status of menstrual hygiene management. D publications, Lipincott, 3. Osborn, T. Work on the use of other types of fibers from wastes of agro products is currently underway.
A need assessment survey has also been conducted amongst women belonging to lower income category to assess the level of acceptance for low cost disposable sanitary napkins. Besides, holes, dirt and even ants were found on the samples which were tested. None of the brands had volunteered for the ISI mark as IS certification is not mandatory for this product.
The brands were tested as per the Indian Standards IS : - CERC finds dirt, ants in sanitary napkins Index After the absorbency test weight of 1 kg was applied on the napkin for one minute and then the brands were checked for any leakage.
One sample had an ant. Hole was observed in one sample of Shapers Acti-Slim Ultra. Among the cotton filler-based brands, Whisper Heavy Flow and Overnights was liked the most. Since leakage is the most important parameter, CERC gave it a weightage of 80 per cent. So the 'Best Buy' in this category was Stayfree Secure with a score of 91 points, but a price of just Rs. It is also the least expensive at Rs. A sanitary napkin is a form of a porous item that has the capability of soaking the flow of blood.
Hence, menstruating women wear them during their periods. Some women also prefer using them while recovering from vaginal surgeries, childbirth or abortion. Today, there are different varieties of disposable sanitary pads available in the market, ranging from ultra-thin panty liners to oversized maternity pads. Read in further to get some interesting background information on them. APPENDIX -3 forms of protection were grass, rabbit skins, sponges, rags, menstrual aprons, homemade knitted pads or other kinds of absorbents.
However, disposable sanitary pads started to be available in the markets only around the year The manufacturers of bandages borrowed the idea and produced pads made from handy products that were inexpensive enough to be disposed. Slowly, other manufactures joined the line.
However, their prices were sky-high, which made them exclusive toiletries of rich women. The pad was shaped in such a way, so that it could be easily attached to a special girdle or belt. However, due to its inconvenience, the girdle gave way to an adhesive strip on the bottom of the pad for proper attachment to the undergarment. Soon, belted sanitary napkins became outmoded and stick-on pads became popular.
Nowadays, most women even have their own standard sanitary brands. Besides, most brands come in very nominal prices, which have made sanitary napkins a commonplace household item. Hence, they are becoming more exposed and financially independent.
They are also getting more assertive and they are all set to bring about a consumption revolution and explosion. The truth, like everything else about Consumer India, is not so simple and straightforward.
Yes, it is true that women are changing and this change will create new and different opportunities. But to assume that they are changing only because of a huge surge in the number of women in the workforce might be a mistake. Is common for women. Get help. Privacy Policy. Password recovery. Civil Engineering Knowledge Base. Home Latest Posts. Learn Revit Structures from Industry Expert. Other Civil Engineering Softwares Software. Phase2 8. It can be used for a wide range of engineering projects and includes support design, finite element slope stability, groundwater seepage and probabilistic analysis.
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